Complaining and Giving Instruction

The Definition of Giving Instruction

Giving instruction is an expression that is used in order that order that other person does what we instruct or request, or giving imperative to other people for to do or not to do something, Giving instruction sometimes called comperative/prohibition.
NOTE:
The tense used in giving instruction is “SIMPLE PRESENT”

Bussines Letter

The block format is the simplest format; all of the writing is flush against the left margin.

Making Suggestion and Requesting Something

Making Suggestion is how you express your suggestion to someone.

There are a number of ways used when making suggestions :

1)            WHAT ABOUT/HOW ABOUT ... + Base form + -ING

          • What about going to the swimming pool tomorrow?

          •  How about going to the swimming pool tomorrow?

2)            WHY + Negative

          •  Why don't we go to the swimming pool tomorrow?

3)      
  IMPERATIVE: Let's + Base form

          • Let's go to the swimming pool tomorrow! 

4)            COULD

          • We could go to the swimming pool tomorrow.

5)            DO YOU WANT + the infinitive

Explanation Text

Explanation text Is a text that contains the processes associated with natural phenomena, social, science, culture and more. An Explanation text is usually derived from the corresponding author of the question 'why' and 'how' of a phenomenon.

Contrastive Conjunction and Modal Perfect

Types of conjunction

Different types of conjunctions link information in different ways. It is important to know which conjunctions establish which types of links.

There are five main types of conjunction in English.

Persuading and Encouraging, Preventing Someone from Doing Something

Persuading is an expression to persuade someone. So, someone want to do something as like as persuader’s request. 

Narrative Text

Narrative text is a text that purpose to amuse or to entertain the reader or the listener and deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways to the reader or listener.other function of narrative text is for education.

Passive Sentence

In the passive sentence, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.Only transitive verbs are used in the passive.
Intransitive verbs such as happen, sleep, come and seem cannot be used in the passive.

Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct Speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech)

We use quotation marks “……………………………………” and it should be word for word.

Example : Rivan said “she’s smart”.

                                    Or

                “She is smart”, Rivan said.

Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.

Example : Rivan said that the girl is smart.

When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past. Verb tense changes also characterize other situations using indirect speech. Note the changes shown in the chart and see the table below for examples. With indirect speech, the use of that is optional.

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
Simple present He said, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	Simple past He said (that) he went to school every day.
Simple past  He said, “I went to school every day.”	Þ	Past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
Present perfect  He said, “I have gone to school every day.”	Þ	Past perfect  He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
Present progressive He said, “I am going to school every day.”	Þ	Past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day.
Past progressive He said, “I was going to school every day.”	Þ	Perfect progressive He said (that) he had been going to school every day,
Future (will) He said, “I will go to school every day.”	Þ	Would + verb name He said (that) he would go to school every day.
Future (going to) He said, “I am going to school every day.”	Þ	Present progressive He said (that) he is going to school every day.
		Past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day
Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
Auxiliary + verb name He said, “Do you go to school every day?” He said, “Where do you go to school?”	Þ	Simple past He asked me if I went to school every day.* He asked me where I went to school.
Imperative He said, “Go to school every day.”	Þ	Infinitive He said to go to school every day.

*Note than when a Yes/No question is being asked in direct speech, then a construction with if or whether is used. If a WH question is being asked, then use the WH to introduce the clause. Also note that with indirect speech, these are examples of embedded questions. The situation changes if instead of the common said another part of the very to say is used. In that case the verb tenses usually remain the same. Some examples of this situation are given below.

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
Simple present + simple present He says, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	Simple present + simple present He says (that) he goes to school every day.
Present perfect + simple present He has said, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	Present perfect + simple present He has said (that) he goes to school every day.
Past progressive + simple past He was saying, “I went to school every day.”	Þ	Past progressive + simple past He was saying (that) he went to school every day.
		Past progressive + past perfect He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day.
Future + simple present He will say, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	Future + simple present He will say (that) he goes to school every day.

Another situation is the one in which modal constructions are used. If the verb said is used, then the form of the modal, or another modal that has a past meaning is used.

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
can He said, “I can go to school every day.”	Þ	could He said (that) he could go to school every day.
may He said, “I may go to school every day.”	Þ	might He said (that) he might go to school every day.
might He said, “I might go to school every day.”
must He said, “I must go to school every day.”	Þ	had to He said (that) he had to go to school every day.
have to He said, “I have to go to school every day.”
should He said, “I should go to school every day.”	Þ	should He said (that) he should go to school every day.
ought to He said, “I ought to go to school every day.”	Þ	ought to He said (that) he ought to go to school every day.

While not all of the possibilities have been listed here, there are enough to provide examples of the main rules governing the use of indirect or reported speech. For other situations, try to extrapolate from the examples here, or better still, refer to a good grammar text or reference book.

Some other verbs that can be used to introduce direct speech are: ask, report, tell, announce, suggest, and inquire. They are not used interchangeably; check a grammar or usage book for further information.

Discussion Text

Discussion is a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different points of view. It presents pro and contra opinion on certain issue. The purpose of a discussion text is to present arguments and information from differing viewpoints.

Asking about Possibilities, Expressing Curiosity and Desire, Expressing Views.

Asking about Possibilities

•       Would it be possible for (somebody) to …?

•       Do you think it’s possible that ... ?

•       What possibility is there that ... ?

•       Is there any possibility that ... ?

•       What's the possibility of ... ?

•       What are the chances of ...?

•       Do you think you can…?

•       Is it possible that ... ?

•       Is it possible to ... ?

•       Are you capable of…?

Responding an ask about possibility :

•       Yes, it is.

•       That’s possible.

•       Sure. It can be.

•       I think so.

Expressing Curiosity :

•       I want to know...

•       I’m curios about...

•       I’m eager to know...

•       What I’d really like to find out is …

•       I’d be very interested to know …

•       I’ve been meaning to ask you.

•       I’d like to know …

•       I wish I knew …

•       I’d love to know …

•       What’s on your mind?

•       I wonder …?

Responding curiosity :

•       You can ask him in person.

•       Let’s find the answer. I am also curios about it.

•       Let time show us the truth.

Expressing Desire :

•       I wish I could...

•       I want to...

•       I’m interested...

•       I’m wondering...

Expressing Views

•       I support your decision.

•       If I were you,..

•        Personally I believe…

•        In my view, …

•       It seems to me…

•        From my point of view…

•       I’d just like to say…

•       Well, to my mind this scene…

•       Personally, I consider…

•       To be perfectly frank…

•       If you ask my view about it, I will say that I agree with it.

Agreeing with a view :

•       Thank you.

•        Of course.

•        You're absolutely right.

•        Yes, I agree.

•        I think so too.

•        That's a good point.

•        Exactly.

•        I don't think so either.

•        So do I.

•        I'd go along with that.

•        That's true.

•        Neither do I.

•        I agree with you entirely.

•        That's just what I was thinking.

•        I couldn't agree more.

Disagreeing with a view :

•       That's different.

•       I don't agree with you.

•       However…

•       That's not entirely true.

•       On the contrary…

•       I'm sorry to disagree with you, but…

•       Yes, but don't you think…

•       That's not the same thing at all.

•       I'm afraid I have to disagree.

•       I'm not so sure about that.

•       I must take issue with you on that.

•       It's unjustifiable to say that...